Then, seven years later, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau invented what he called a phenakistiscope, which was later refined into a ZooÌtrope by William George Horner. John Ayerton Paris invented the Thaumatrope, a device that made images seem to move when they were spun in a circle. In the early eighteen hundreds, innovators discovered that they could make an image seem to move in various ways. The image always appears upside down, just the way the human eye captures an image, but people were able to use it for tracing an image on paper. The principle of the camera obscura, or “dark room,” is that light comes into the dark room through a pinhole and projects the image of something outside of the camera obscura. He is generally acknowledged as the originator of the camera obscura during the fifteenth century. The idea of making a picture with light is usually attributed to Leonardo daVinci, the Italian Renaissance inventor and artist. In addition, still photography had to be invented, and there was a long route to figuring out how to make a picture with light. This tendency became very important in the quest for moving pictures. Persistence of vision is the tendency of the eye to hold an image for a moment after the image is no longer visible. What theyĬalled “persistence of vision” had to be understood in order to make people see moving pictures, or pictures moving. The director is considered the auteur, (French for “author”), the creator of the film, the person to whom the film is credited.Īs tinkerers and inventors attempted to make pictures move, scientists had been studying the human eye and the human brain and how they work together. The director is the person who keeps it all together during the production of the film and works closely with writers, cinematographers, editors, set designers, and many other professionals. It is also important to get the names right: the title of the movie (always italicized when writing about it) and the names of the professionals who have created it.Įven though there are numerous professionals who have worked on a film, from the screenwriter to the editor and everyone in between, the film is considered to be the work of the director. For example, it is difficult to compare a movie made in the 21 st century with one made in 1939 technology has advanced tremendously since 1939, so movies are not made the same way that they were in the early days of cinema. This new idea of the motion picture would not exist without the technology that was invented, step by step.īut the technology came in fits and spurts, so dates become important the date of release of a movie is especially important. Innovators, inventors, and scientists influenced each other immediately in their attempts at making moving pictures, each looking over the shoulder of the other, each showing off his latest gadget. It was a new idea founded on recent discoveries, dependent on technology for its very existence. Other than the stage and novels, movies had no roots. Sound could be synchronized with images, but need not come from the images, or from the actor’s mouth. When sound recording was invented about thirty years after the motion picture, its analogy to the stage was also found to be false. The movie then is like a novel in presenting a narrative story and like a stage play in its continuity of action. But the unity of action, another stage term, does apply: the images appear in succession and produce meaning and continuity. In film there is no unity of time or unity of place these basic principles of the stage do not apply. The three basic principles of the stage, unity of time, unity of place, and unity of action, would not work for a movie. The movie camera had the best seat in the house, but it did not move instead, it presented one viewpoint only, like neither the novel nor the play. But the movie was discovered to be neither a novel nor a stage play. It is analogous to the novel only in the fact that it presents a narrative story, and early on the movie was treated as if it were a photographic record of a stage play. The movie is a new art, neither a novel nor a stage play.
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